Dear Doug Essay

I am happy to hear you are adjusting to college life. I’m sure it’s a big change, but at least you have found friends to help you with the transition. It is also good to hear that you have a diverse group of friends, even though you do not all agree on the same thing. It will be a really good opportunity for you to show them the Christian view and maybe question their own beliefs. So I saw your question from Nathan about if God created all of nature, everything would be divine. No, not everything is divine, but God did create everything. Divinity has characteristics specific to itself that are lacking in finite (human) beings, animals, and material things. For instance, none of these are omniscient (all-knowing), omnipotence (all-powerful), omnipresent (always everywhere), or immutable (non-changing). Therefore, nature is created by the divine (God), and is a work of His creative nature, but nature is not divine in itself. Human beings were created â€Å"in the image of God†, meaning that He provided us with the knowledge and gifted us the Holy Spirit, which gives us a â€Å"connection†, a relationship with Him. Now the question about the trinity is hard for everyone to understand. Since we as human are very visual and physical we try to understand that trinity in our own terms, but since it is something out of our nature we have a hard time grasping the concept that God is three in one. In the essay â€Å"Are all Religions One† by Douglas Groothuis he explains that there is one God (Deuteronomy 6:4), who eternally exists in three equal persons: The Father (Ephesians 1:3), the Son (John 1:1), and the Holy Spirit (Acts 5:1-5). The trinity teaches that there is one divine essence that exists in three persons, not that one person equals three. Also I do not think God is a human invention. If we believe that we exist because of matter and chance then how could we trust our own minds? There would be no reason to trust our own mind since there is no absolute truth. Also everyone has a sense of right and wrong, well again evil could not exist if there was no truth, and God is our truth. I think it is pretty hard to make say God is a human invention and then have no explanation for the creation around us. Last but not least you asked about what is the Christian view of God. The Christian view would be that Physical and non-physical things both exist, such as morality, minds, souls, and numbers. Also while physical things change, non-physical things do not. Therefore, Christians believe that God (non-physical) exist and is unchangeable. Along with that he is all knowing and all-powerful, creating the universe in which we live. God is not dependable on us, but we sure are dependable on him. I hope this helps answers some of your questions, have fun on your date night! Cannot wait to hear all about it. Sincerely,

Effectiveness of Legal Sanctions

Effectiveness of sanctions in our society today In today’s society we impose sanctions on individuals who break laws of the community. There are many types of sanctions such as; fines, intensive correction, community based, youth training and drug treatment orders, home detention, suspended sentences and imprisonment. Imposing sanctions among offenders is highly successful in our society today as they may deter the individual/ general community from committing/re-committing a crime, to protect the society, to punish the offender, in many cases to rehabilitate the offender and to show that the crime is unacceptable. Imprisonment is a criminal sanction which removes the offender from society by detainment in a prison. Imprisonment is effective in terms of punishment and protection of the society. Imprisonment can also be seen as a deterrence which discourages the individual/general community from re-offending / committing a crime. Many prisoners once released from prison stay on the right path and never go back to prison. This is what one hopes for when imposing the imprisonment sanction. However some prisoners, once released cannot live normal lives. In prisons there is a high amount of violence and sexual assaults, so when people are released the fear going back, therefore they cannot live normal lives. Furthermore prisoners are grouped with other prisoners and they may learn new tricks of the trade. Also it can be argued that deterrence failing in prisons. There is a high rate of individuals re-offending when released from prison. An astonishing 33% of prisoners return to prison within two years of their release. Yet even with on of the major aims of imprisonment failing, deterrence, I still believe that imprisonment is an effective sanction is it is protecting our society because the prisoner is out of the way, therefore the society is safe. An intensive correction order is another type of sanction in our society. It is a sanction involving the treatment and supervision component and a custodial component. There are numerous conditions regarding an intensive correction order. The offender cannot commit another offence while on order; there is supervision twice a week, attendance at a correction centre for 12 hours a week, community work for 8 hours a weekend and counseling. If the individual breaks any of these conditions they can be imprisoned for the remainder of the order. The main aims of an intensive correction order are deterrence and rehabilitation. It discourages the individual from re-offending but also helps the individual change and resume a normal life. The intensive corrections order is highly effective on our society as it not only punishes the individual but gives them every opportunity to get their life back on track. Attendance at a correction centre, supervision and counseling will help the individual get his/her life back on track and as a result the society becomes safer. In conclusion, there are many types of sanctions, each with their own set of potential aims to help the society and the individual. Two sanctions are imprisonment and an intensive correction order. Both are effective to our society in different ways. Imprisonment involves protecting the society and punishment while an intensive correction order involves rehabilitation and deterrence. Even though imprisonment fails in acting as a deterrent I believe sanctions are effective in our society today.

Study Into Upper Limb Tremor Health And Social Care Essay

Upper limb shudder is defined as the rhythmical, nonvoluntary agitating motion happening at any parts of the upper appendage such as shoulder, cubitus, carpus or fingers ( Deuschl et al. , 1998 ; Siresena, 2009 ) . The happening of shudder during task public presentation can be badly disenabling. Patients may hold important physical damage ( Feys et al. , 2003 ; Heroux et al. , 2006 ; Louis et al. , 2001 ) and a markedly decrease quality of life due to quake ( Louis & A ; Rios, 2009 ; Nguyen et al. , 2007 ) . Burdening schemes are widely recommended to cut down shudder. Occupational therapy text edition ( Pedretti & A ; Early, 2001 ; Radomski & A ; Trombly, 2008 ) suggest the usage of leaden utensils and leaden carpus turnups to ease public presentation in day-to-day life undertakings. Leaden contraptions are besides commercially available for people with upper limb shudder regardless of their types. Despite the broad acknowledgment of burdening schemes to relieve shudder, there is presently no systematic grounds to back up the usage these schemes as effectual methods to cut down shudder. Therefore, the concern of this systematic reappraisal was to underscore the effects of burdening schemes on people with different types of upper limb shudder basically for occupational therapy service suppliers.CLASSIFICATIONS OF TREMORHarmonizing to the Movement Disorder Society, shudder may attest in two different conditions ; remainder and action ( Deuschl et al. , 1998 ) . Tremor which occurs in a organic structure portion that is non supported against gravitation and non voluntarily activated is called remainder shudder while action shudder refers to any sort of shudder that is produced by voluntary contraction of musculuss looking during the public presentation of an activity ( Deuschl et al. , 1998 ; Jankovic & A ; Fahn, 1980 ) . Action shudder which consists of postural shudder, kinetic shudder and isometric shudder ( Table 1 ) may besides look on both sides of the organic structure or one-sidedly. The visual aspect of shudder can be described by its frequence ; either it is low ( & lt ; 4 Hz ) , medium ( 4-7 Hz ) or high ( & gt ; 7 Hz ) .Table 1: Definitions of Action TremorPostural shudder Tremor which is produced while keeping a place against gravitation. Kinetic shudder Tremor which occurs during any voluntary motion. 2.1 Simple kinetic shudder Kinetic shudder which occurs during voluntary motions that is non target-directed. 2.2 Intention shudder Kinetic shudder which occurs during visually guided motions where the amplitude of shudder additions towards the terminal of motion. 2.3 Task-specific shudder Kinetic shudder that appears during specific activities. Isometric shudder Tremor which occurs as a consequence of musculus contraction against a stiff stationary object. Tremor can besides be addressed diagnostically harmonizing to specific syndromes. Harmonizing to Deuschl et Al. ( 1998 ) , the syndromic categorization of shudder is the footing for farther probe and curative processs. Twelve classs have been suggested ; physiologic shudder, enhanced physiologic shudder syndrome, indispensable shudder syndromes, dystonic shudder syndromes, parkinsonian shudder syndromes, cerebellar shudder syndromes, Holmes ‘ shudder, palatine shudder syndrome, drug-induced and toxic shudder syndromes, shudder syndromes in peripheral neuropathy, psychogenetic shudder and unclassified shudders ( Table 2 ) .Table 2: Syndromic categorization of shudderPhysiologic shudder Tremor which is present in every normal topic and every articulation or musculus that is free to hover. Enhanced physiologic shudder syndrome Easy visibleness of shudder, chiefly postural and high frequence. No grounds of underlying neurologic disease ; the cause of shudder is normally reversible Essential shudder syndromes Bilateral, mostly symmetrical postural or kinetic shudder affecting custodies and forearms that is seeable and relentless. Dystonic shudder syndromes Tremor in a organic structure portion affected by dystonia. Parkinsonian shudder Syndromes Pathologic shudder in patients with Parkinson ‘s disease with bradykinesia. Cerebellar shudder syndromes Pure or dominant purpose shudder, one-sided or bilateral. Holmes ‘ shudder Rest and purpose shudder with sometimes irregular presentation. Palatal shudder syndromes Rhythmical motions of the soft roof of the mouth. Drug-induced and toxic shudder syndromes Tremor occurs in a sensible time-frame following drug consumption or poisoning. Tremor syndromes in peripheral neuropathy Tremor develops in association with a peripheral neuropathy Psychogenic shudder Tremor which its amplitude lessenings during distraction. Unclassified shudder Tremor which can non be classified.CAUSES OF TREMORDespite assorted categorizations of shudder have been established, the causes of shudder remain unknown. Tremor is frequently described to tie in certain diseases including familial diseases such as Parkinson ‘s disease and besides metabolic diseases ( e.g. thyrotoxicosis ) . These conditions are frequently accompanied by the happening of one or more phenomenon of shudder to certain organic structure parts ( Jankovic & A ; Fahn, 1980 ) . Besides, shudder is normally seen in people with intellectual diseases such as multiple induration ( Alusi et al. , 2001 ; Koch et al. , 2007 ) every bit good as in peripheral neuropathies patients ( e.g. Guillain-Barre syndrome ) where postural shudder normally manifests. Tremor may besides happen in people with idiopathic diseases and sometimes look due to other external and internal factors such as drugs and intoxicant consumption ( Deuschl et al. , 1998 ) . Badness of shudder may besides be increased due to factors such as anxiousness, emphasis, weariness, hungriness, febrility or excessively much of caffeine consumption ( Bear et al. , 2006 ) .THE IMPACT OF UPPER LIMB TREMORMost of the undertakings in day-to-day lives require complex manus use. Upper limb action shudder has proven to be more interfering in day-to-day life activities because it is activated by motion ( Feys et al. , 2003 ; Heroux et al. , 2006 ; Louis et al. , 2001 ) and may look bilaterally or one-sidedly. Harmonizing to a cross-sectional survey conducted by Feys et Al. ( 2003 ) , upper appendage shudder of their 32 multiple induration respondents was perceived to interfere their day-to-day life activities peculiarly in undertakings necessitating all right motor accomplishments such as feeding, imbibing, personal hygiene and written communicating. These findings were elicited from both standardized observations of 16 points in Functional Independence Measure ( FIM ) and a structured interview necessitating the participants to rate the degree of intervention of shudder in the FIM points, shaving or using make-up, picking up a pen, handwriting, runing a distant control, family and leisure activities. A larger figure of participants have been utilised in the survey by Louis and his co-workers ‘ ( 2001 ) to determine the impact of indispensable shudder towards functional disablement by utilizing a disablement questionnaire. In this survey, 85 per centum ( 76 respondents ) of the 89 respondents have reported disablement on more than one point on the questionnaire ( Louis et al. , 2001 ) . However, the relationship between disablement and upper limb shudder in both aforesaid surveies was non really clear because other symptoms of multiple induration may besides act upon the degree of independency in day-to-day life accomplishments. A descriptive case-series survey conducted by Heroux and his co-workers ( 2006 ) to 30 participants with indispensable shudder has besides described disablement in relation to upper limb shudder from another dimension. The survey was designed to find the extent of disablement in the survey population by utilizing time-based, standardized steps of upper appendage map ( Heroux et al. , 2006 ) . Significant differences have been determined between the topics with indispensable shudder in comparing to 28 healthy controls in different degrees of all right pinch clasp, gross grasping, object transit, and preciseness arrangement undertakings supplying a better grounds of the impact of upper limb shudder on manus use undertakings. In drumhead, the extent of disablement is high for people with upper limb shudder in conformity to activities of day-to-day life undertakings and manus use undertakings. This may hold a negative impact on quality of life and self esteem of an single and require extreme attending. Therefore, this survey focuses on shudder that occurs on the upper appendage during public presentation of undertakings ( postural and intention shudder ) .SIGNIFICANCE OF UPPER LIMB TREMORThe intervention effects in this survey were observed merely on upper limb postural and purpose shudders based these grounds: The gilded criterion of categorization of shudder is clinical categorization ( Deuschl et al. , 1998 ) . Disabling pathological shudders of the upper limb manifested largely by postural and intention shudders ; indispensable shudder syndromes ( postural and intention shudder ) , parkinsonian shudder syndromes ( remainder and postural shudder ) , and cerebellar shudder syndromes ( purpose shudder ) . Handss are the most common site for shudder to attest ( Siresena, 2009 ) . Subsequently, the prevalence of upper limb shudder is presumptively high as indispensable shudder is found to be as one of the most common neurological motion upsets ( Louis, 2005 ) and upper appendage shudder is reported to happen in approximately one tierce of patients holding multiple induration ( Alusi et al. , 1999 ) . The act of keeping manus place against gravitation and executing target-directed motions utilizing the custodies are of import in undertaking completion, therefore shudder happening at these phases have a major impact of functional public presentation and leads to disablement in the battle of activity ( Feys et al. , 2003 ; Heroux et al. , 2006 ; Louis et al. , 2001 ) . The findings are extremely of import and relevant to occupational therapy.LITERATURE REVIEWThe intent of this subdivision is to reexamine the primary literature relevant to upper limb shudder. Literature of the bing processs used to cut down shudder, burdening schemes, methods to mensurate shudder, taking to the intent and aims of this systematic reappraisal will be reviewed.OTHER EXISTING PROCEDURESPrimary literature was reviewed to seek for other bing processs normally used to handle upper limb shudder besides burdening schemes. From the hunt, it can be assumed that the major intervention end of upper limb shudder is to minimise functional disablement and better quality of life. Treatment methods available include pharmacotherapy, and surgical processs. In some patients, indispensable shudder can be partly suppressed by medicine. Diagnostic drug intervention is tailored harmonizing to the types of shudder ( Charles et al. , 1999 ) . For illustration, parkinsonian shudder requires the effects of drug from combination of L-dopa and carbidopa to stamp down shudder. On the other manus, indispensable shudder may be relieved by propranolol or Mysoline while isioniazid may be utile in handling cerebellar shudder associated with multiple induration. Similarly, propranolol may command intoxicant backdown shudder while clonazepam may cut down orthostatic shudder. Although drugs may cut down shudder continuity, the effects on shudder is normally impermanent and accompanied by side effects. In a non-randomized, comparative survey of 25 patients who received long-acting propranolol 80-160 mg/day and 25 who received primidone 50-250 milligram at bedtime. Approximately 10 per centum of the patients experienced short-run side effects ( faint and bradycardia ) and 20 per centum of them experienced long-run side effects ( bradycardia, weariness, and erectile disfunction ) that required discontinuance of therapy ( Koller et al. , 1989 ) . Alternatively, surgical methods such as thalamotomy and deep encephalon stimulation are normally considered in terrible instances where primary drug therapy fails to command the happening of shudder ( Chan & A ; Swope, 2003 ) . Thalamotomy is a surgical technique based on theories that lesion in ventralis intermedius karyon of the thalamus will interrupt shudder activity. Thalamotomies are normally performed to one side of the encephalon which is contralateral to the badly affected limb. The efficaciousness of one-sided thalamotomy is high, with more than 80 % of patients sing durable suppression of shudder ( Schuurman et al. , 2000 ) . However, uncomplete lesioning of the ventralis intermedius will ensue in mild residuary shudder or re-emergence of shudder. On the other manus, the most recent surgical attack, deep encephalon stimulation ( DBS ) besides has been proven to successfully relieve shudder without making a lasting lesion as a consequence of thalamotomy ( Della Flora et al. , 2010 ) . However, the disadvantages of both surgical processs are dearly-won and increased potency hazard of redness and infection ( Chan & A ; Swope, 2003 ) .Weight SchemeBurdening schemes is a common method used to stamp down the happening of nonvoluntary tremorogenic conditions of the custodies. The attack has persisted in some rehabilitation scenes since the first clip limb weighting was being introduced to a group of patients with upper limb shudder in early 1960s ( Chase et al. , 1965 ) . Assorted theoretical thoughts have been created to explicate the pertinence of burdening schemes for this population. One of the theories proposed that adding sufficient tonss to a section of the organic structure exerts suppressive control over motor fluctuation ( Schalow et al. , 2005 ) . Harmonizing to dynamic systems theory, motion forms are influenced by undertaking restraints ( e.g. weight of utensils ) and personal features ( e.g. neurophysiological factors ) . It is plausible that the thought of utilizing weights to relieve parkinsonian shudder has persisted because of an feeling that the size of shudder of an object held in the manus may be reduced. The effects of limb weighting are believed to ease co-contraction and stableness of musculuss by increasing proprioceptive input to the cerebellum from the centripetal variety meats of the musculuss and articulations ( Wood & A ; Eames, 1989 ) . On the other manus, it has besides been hypothesized that the usage of weights on dis tal portion of the limb will suppress the being of shudder due to muscle weariness ( Wood & A ; Eames, 1989 ) . Common weighting schemes for people with upper limb shudder are weighted wrist turnup and leaden utensils/appliances. Leaden carpus turnup is Weighted utensils is In occupational therapy, compensation techniques are utile to optimise map upon disablement. The commissariats of weights have been supported in old occupational therapy literature ( Wood & A ; Eames, 1989 ) . In contrast to the theories by Wood and Eames ( 1989 ) , long term usage of leaden AIDSs were found to hold negative effects on the happening of shudder ( Kovich & A ; Bermann, 1988 ) . The remotion of leaden AIDSs will take to hyperbole of shudder due to gradual adjustment of the upper appendage musculuss to the excess weight provided by the weights ( Kovich & A ; Bermann, 1988 ) . Furthermore, the penchant of the type of leaden AIDSs ( wrist turnup and weighted utensils ) has besides been a conflicting issue as the latter 1s are non easy modified and controlled ( Dahlin-Webb, 1986 ) . In the state of affairs of persons with upper appendage shudder, the commissariats of leaden AIDSs to the upper appendage have been a common method to handle the job. Leaden carpus turnups which were designed to supply opposition to dorsal surface of the manus have been the most preferable method to cut down shudder ( Dahlin-Webb, 1986 ) . Alternatively, ready-made leaden equipments such as leaden utensils are besides commercially available for the same intent.TREMOR MEASUREMENTThe effectivity of a intervention process can be determined by measuring the primary or secondary impacts of shudder to a peculiar individual ( Bain, 1998 ) . Primary consequence refers to direct impact of the intervention process on shudder features such as frequence of shudder and besides the degree of shudder badness while secondary consequence refers to alter in the individual ‘s functional public presentation or life position. Therefore, the usage of a multidimensional attack of nonsubjective and subjective result steps is valuable to measure the effectivity of leaden AIDSs. There are four methods to accomplish the intent of survey which include physiological techniques, subjective clinical steps, nonsubjective functional public presentation trials and impact of shudder on patients ‘ lives ( Bain, 1998 ) . Accelerometry Tremor was recorded in the plane of flexure and extension of the manus with illumination piezoresistive accelerometers, base on balls set DC i? 100 Hz, mounted on the back of the manus between the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals with surgical tape. Tremor frequence and magnitude were measured with a Solartron 1220 Signal Processor. On the footing of 1-min samples of shudder a computation was made of the norm of six spectra derived from overlapping samples of shudder within the 1-min period. The spectra ranged from DC 50 Hz with 500 lines of spectral declaration and 90 dubnium dynamic scope. For moderate to terrible shudder, the averaged spectrum has a individual dominant extremum. The magnitude of acceleration at extremum was converted into supplanting arithmetically. For mild indispensable shudder the averaged spectrum typically had important constituents at a wide spread of frequences reflecting its multiple constituent beginnings, as is the instance for normal physiological shudder. This was true for both shudder recorded during undertakings and maintained position. The magnitude of mild indispensable shudder was characterised by the magnitude of the largest constituent nowadays. It should be noted that as tremor badness increased the figure of extremums greater than 50 % of the magnitude of the dominant spectral extremum decreased, be givening towards zero if harmonics were excluded. Accelerometry was performed on each patient during kept up position, when keeping a cup full of H2O and whilst transporting out a tracking undertaking. Volumetric appraisal The patients were required to keep a 100ml cup full of H2O between the pollex and finger with the cubitus supported and flexed by about 20A ° with the forearm in a semi-prone place and somewhat elevated, as if about to raise the cup to imbibe. The cup was made of plastic, weighed 20 g, had a 5 centimeter diameter, was 6 cm deep, and was ab initio full to the lip with H2O. The cup was held for 1 minute after which a measuring was made of the liquid staying in the cup. Volumetric appraisals were made three times for each manus and the agencies of the values for each manus employed in the consequences. Tracking undertaking The patients were tested with joystick trailing of a consecutive mark line which swept horizontally across the center of a 10 centimeter storage CRO screen. The tracking missile was a similar line which had to be maintained in super-imposition on the mark line. Both mark and missile were externally controlled so that they moved abreast at the same speed. The topic was seated in forepart of the CRO at normal sing distance. The control stick was mounted on the arm of the chair and was held between the pollex and fingers of the manus with forearm supported. The control stick control adjusted the perpendicular disparity of the missile so that any unwanted manus motion would do the projectile hint to hover above and below the intended flight. Each test consisted of a 1-minute expanse of the hints across the screen. Tracking mistake was characterised by the integral of the modulus of the distance of the projectile hint from a 1 millimeter deep impersonal zone about the mark. The system was tested on 15 healthy control topics who all produced zero mistake, irrespective of the manus used. In the instance of the patients tracking appraisals were made three times for each manus and the mean of the tonss ( for each manus ) utilized. Spirography The patients were instructed to pull a coiling with each manus in bend, with the pen held in a normal manner. The shudder seeable in a spiral was the independently scored ( from 0-10 ) by three â€Å" blind † raters, with zero bespeaking a normal spiral and ten an highly quavering one. The agency of the three raters ‘ tonss for each patient were used in the consequences, with each manus scored individually.Significance TO OCCUPATIONAL THERAPYWhat is a systematic reappraisal? What are the groundss that it is the best solution?AIMS OF STUDYTo analyze the effectivity of leaden AIDSs to handle persons with upper limb shudder To analyze the effectivity of different types of leaden AIDSs for persons with upper limb shudderResearch OBJECTIVESAim 1: To analyze the effectivity of leaden AIDSs to handle persons with upper limb shudderAims:To find the consequence of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb on shudder frequence To find the consequence of leaden AIDSs on the degree of badness of shudder To find the consequence of leaden AIDSs on the functional public presentation of the person with shudder To find the consequence of leaden AIDSs on the quality of life position of the person with shudder To find the consequence of leaden AIDSs on the disablement position of the person with shudder Aim 2: To analyze the effectivity of different types of leaden AIDSs for persons with upper limb shudderAim:To compare the results of leaden carpus turnups and weighted utensils following upper limb shudder1.10 RESEARCH QUESTIONSQuestion 1: Does the proviso of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb an effectual method to handle persons with upper limb shudder? Does the proviso of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb of persons with shudder reduce/increase the upper limb shudder frequence? Does the proviso of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb of persons with upper limb shudder reduce/increase the degree of badness of shudder? Does the proviso of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb improve/decline the functional public presentation of the person with shudder? Does the proviso of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb improve/decline the quality of life of the person with shudder? Does the proviso of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb improve/decline the disablement position of the person with shudder? Question 2: Which type of leaden assistance is the most effectiveness to better the results following upper limb shudder? Leaden carpus turnup Weighted utensilsSummaryThis chapter has described the country of focal point of the survey including an account of upper limb shudder, current intervention available, background literature and relevancy to the field of occupational therapy. The research aims and inquiries have been set and initial justification for the methodological analysis of pick explained.

Substance Absue Relapse Amung Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Substance Absue Relapse Amung Women - Essay Example Relapse is a situation of 'converting back' from a condition after a short or long abstinences. In drug addiction and substance abuse, it can be defined as "the resumption of the use of drugs after leaving it for some time" (Harris, J., Anderson, J. and Sharon, W, 1998). For substance abuse relapse among women, the issue of resumption of females to substance abuse after they have recovered. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines substance abuse as "the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances which include illicit drugs and alcohol". A prolonged or repeated use of such substances can lead to addiction which is usually evident with continued use of the substances despite the fact that physical and mental deterioration is being noticed. In fact, various researchers in the world have come up with different conclusions and suggestions regarding the causes, effects, solutions and recommendations on how to deal with substance abuse and relapse not only among women but also in all genders (Laws, D. & Ward, T. 2000). Substance abuse is a global issue. ... "In some producing areas, in Iran, between 4 and 6 percent of the population are opium addicts. The country has an estimated 1.2 million opiate addicts, including 150,000 heroin users. In the producing areas of Laos and Thailand, the addiction rate is as high as 10 percent. Fully 80 percent of the heroin consumed in Europe comes via the Balkans. Of the opium that comes from Southeast Asia, as much as 50% is sent to China. In the United States and Canada, in 1991 there were 360,000 heroin addicts; in 2000 there were 600,000 heroin addicts." (Cherry, Dillon, & Rugh, 2002) "Indeed, on the average, the federal government has spent well over $10 billion a year on drug control for at least the last ten years. Currently, fifty-two federal agencies have a stake in drug control, and each must justify its budget." (Cherry, Dillon, & Rugh, 2002) The U.S. has a lengthy history of legal and social measures aimed at thwarting substance abuse. The first legal measures against substance abuse came in 1875 when opium dens were outlawed in San Francisco in 1875. (Cherry, Dillon, & Rugh, 2002) "The first national drug law, the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, required accurate labelling of patent medicines containing opium and certain other drugs."(Cherry, Dillon, & Rugh, 2002) "The spirit of temperance led to the prohibition of alcohol by the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1919." (Cherry, Dillon, & Rugh, 2002) Narrowing the substance abuse view down, the literature shows that in 2003 there were 56, 671 treatment admissions in the state of New Jersey. (New Jersey Department of Human Services, 2004) Of those admissions 56, 671 treatment admissions in the state of New Jersey, Essex county recorded

Ethics Perspective in Applied Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Comparative Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparative Summary - Essay Example It is against this backdrop that three major financial environments namely the profit making environment, not-for-profit environment and government environments have been identified in this study for critical scrutiny on how differences in financial management in each of the environments can be well harnessed to ensure that the collective goal of achieving universal quality healthcare can be achieved. Profits Making Financial Environment Healthsouth is the identified entity under the profits financial environment. Generally, the financial structure of the profits financial environment can be described as one that is influenced by the activities of shareholders. This is to say that these entities have financial bottom lines that address the profit gaining needs of their shareholders (Experience Healthsouth, 2010). To this end, they are structured such that there is several profit making avenues on the services and products that are offered. As much as possible also, there exist extern al investments models made with the contributions of shareholders so as to maximize the earnings from the health facility. Some of the policies that are unique to the profit making environment include the fact that annual profits are shared among shareholders instead of reinvesting the entire amount of profit made. This is because shareholders come on board as investors who expect positive financial returns at the end of each fiscal year. In the same manner that profits are shared, there exists a peculiar provision whereby losses are also shared among the shareholders. In the event of recording a loss at the end of the fiscal year, shareholders will be expected to make financial provisions for the proceeding budget (Experience Healthsouth, 2010). Because losses are shared by shareholders as much as profits, there are always efforts that ensure that all lope holes to financial malfeasance of any kind are blocked. This is indeed one of the most outstanding financial management practic es prevalent in the profit financial environment. With the Healthsouth as a case study, it would be observed that the entity employs the services of financial experts such as accountants, bursars and auditors whose duties are not incorporated into the larger healthcare delivery services of the entity (Experience Healthsouth, 2010). Despite the numerous efforts that are made to ensure financial management practices at Healthsouth, it would still be realized that the facility faces several challenges. The major reason that can be ascribed to the existence of these financial management challenges is because the facility is a healthcare facility. Generally, it is debated because the services of financial experts are not directly linked to the health provision services of the healthcare facilities; there exist apathy on the part of healthcare administrators to closely monitor the activities of the said financial management experts (Wolinsky, 2005). Not-for-Profit Environment Carolinas He althcare Systems is the selected entity under the not-for-profit financial environment. Among the features of the facility that makes it stand out and worth discussing is the fact that the facility focuses its services to not just short term care but lifetime medical care to patients. The facility therefore serves as lifetime medical home to patients (Carolinas Medical Center,

Do you think the drone strikes should end Why or why not Essay

Do you think the drone strikes should end Why or why not - Essay Example Drone strikes attacks in Pakistan and other bases should be stopped because innocent lives are being taken, the local population of both the U.S. and Pakistan are against these attacks, as they do not agree that this is the way eliminate terrorists. Also, relationship between the U.S. and Pakistan are weakening and such attacks increase the number of terrorists instead of decreasing it. The purpose of the drone strikes attack is to eliminate terrorists but not kill the innocent civilians, if the drone strikes attack would has the chance to hurt those local civilians, we should stop using the drone strikes and find another way to eliminate the terrorists. It has been reported by Dawn.com that the death of 1 terrorist caused by drone attacks conducted by US results in the death of 140 innocent civilians of Pakistan (Dawn.com, 2012). The report even stated that during 2009, a total of 44 drone strikes attacks were launched on Pakistan and these caused the death of 700 innocent civilians of Pakistan and only killed 5 members of the Taliban (Dawn.com, 2012). This has made the accuracy of drone strikes questionable because during 2009, drone strikes attacks were only able to achieve success of 11% (Dawn.com, 2012). For example, the insight for drone strikes attacks is gained by information collected that is not always accurate. U.S. drone strikes attacks may end up killing several innocent people just on the basis of false information or not accurately identify terrorist targets. Because the drone strikes doesn’t operate by human when it’s implementing the action, once it collected the wrong information even navigate to the residential district, the drone strikes would still make the action because it can’t analysis the data but only implement the order. The aim of the war on terrorist is to reduce and eliminate terrorist groups and individuals but using the drone strikes may kill the innocent people. Replacing the drone strikes with foot soldier s is a completely failed idea. Foot soldiers can not be replaced as foot soldiers are aware of the exact locations of the terrorists and they have the ability to make timely decisions to avoid any civilian casualties. Another reason is the drone strikes attacks conducted on Pakistan and Yemen are increasing the number of terrorists and terrorist organization. Baker institute blog’s research states that according to Fawaz Gerges who is a well-know analyst of terrorist movements, the drone strikes attacks conducted on Yemen are increasing the number of terrorists as these people want to take revenge for these drone strikes attacks (Baker Institute, 2012). In the same blog, it’s also stated that Christopher Swift believes that people of Yemen are accepting groups such as Taliban in response to the U.S drone attacks (Baker Institute, 2012).).These researches clearly state that the U.S drone strikes attack is leading to creation of more terrorists within the nations of Afgh anistan, Yemen and Pakistan. For example, once the drone strike takes place on the basis wrong information, it may end up killing a group of innocent people who have nothing to do with the war. These people do not have any connection with the terrorists. After innocent lives are taken due to drone strike attacks conducted by the U.S., those who are related to

Nurse-Led Implementation of an Insulin-Infusion Protocal in a Gender Research Paper

Nurse-Led Implementation of an Insulin-Infusion Protocal in a Gender - Research Paper Example The problem is an important one, as it will avoid the negative effects of hypoglycemia, which is a life threatening problem among ICU patients. Further, the problem has been the center of a contentious issue in ICU care. The problem is clearly depicted and the background information offered, including the case of concerns among doctors and nurses over increased workload due to SGC, and the deaths caused by hypoglycemia. The justification of the study is offered, as evaluating the existing degree of glycaemic control, which will lead to the implementation of an effective nurse-led SGC model. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the existing degree of glycaemic control, leading to the designing of an effective SGC approach, with regard to intensive insulin therapy. The main research question is: Can nurse-led implementation of an insulin-infusion protocol reduce the incidences of hypoglycemia and the workload resulting from a strict SGC model? The hypothesis of the study may be expr essed this way: An informed nurse-led implementation of insulin administration is more effective and safe in reducing adverse conditions like hypoglycemia among ICU patients. ... Finney is also cited, who discussed the adverse effects resulting from hyperglycemia at general intensive care, which pushed doctors to prescribe insulin levels of 4 – 8 for ICU patients through standard infusion. The author included the opposing study of Pittas et al, which showed that ICU patients subjected to insulin therapy were thrice, as likely to develop hypoglycemia as opposed to a control group. Another deviating study is that of Krinsley et al, which showed that hypoglycemia was independently related to mortality in an adult ICU. The literature review is thorough and organized, as it starts with supporting the background of study, to discussing the effects on not implementing the insulin protocol strategy: for instance the study by Krinsley et al, which talks of the relation between hypoglycemia and mortality. A majority of the references are current, thirty of the thirty-three falling between the 5 year bracket (age of source before writing of the health article; 1 falling between 10 year bracket and 2 falling under the more than 10 years bracket. This shows that the study presented information – not more than 10 years old, thus current for usage. The theoretical framework of the study surrounds the evaluation of the existing glycaemic control level and exploring the relationships between a nurse-led implementation of safe SGC approach to insulin therapy and the incidences of hypoglycemia and the workload resulting from SGC. The variables to be measured and the relationships to be explored are clear, thus the theoretical model is clearly explained. The model is also threaded throughout the report, as the discussion

Changing minds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Changing minds - Essay Example something different and not fully associated with whatever it is that the person claims not to like, one would be able to get that person’s brain processes thinking. An â€Å"Integrated viable identity† is what gives people the sense that they can move on with their lives - it is a way of functioning as a member of society. In order to adhere to the â€Å"Integrated viable identity† of our readers, we must make our messages clear. We want our readers to understand what we are saying, how it applies to them, and how they can alter their integrated viable identity to having the identity as one of our readers. It is a matter of making the reader aware that their opinion and views matter. We are able to do this by addressing the topics of which our readers have the most interest in, because it appeals to their identities. The best way to change someone’s mind through our blog would be to provide the right collection of relevant data. â€Å"Representational Rediscrimination† comes down to presenting a new idea in a variety of ways which allow those who are affected to see the idea in their own way. For instance, presenting both Logical and Linguistic ideas on a large scale, so that both intelligences are addressed. As with the Freedman example in our text, we are addressing various groups, such as companies and corporations in order to make a large-scale change of minds. The problem with this is that ideas become more set and defined compared to when people were younger. Therefore it becomes more difficult to illicit a change in thought because of this present resistance. The discrimination that a reader of our blog may feel upon visiting comes from the issues that we represent. If we are presenting information that they strongly disagree with, then they will not return. The best way to fix this would be to present our information in different ways, so as not to trigger the discriminating response. The important part of the â€Å"Designated Driver† model

Reverdie Recitation Essay Example for Free

Reverdie Recitation Essay I wanted to recite this poem to my father in father’s day last Sunday and I did it. Before I started memorizing the poem, I wanted to understand it very well. At the beginning, it cost me a little bit to understand the meaning of all those words and the poem in general, but after I read the poem a few times I could finally understand the meaning of the poem and what was the author trying to say. After I understood the poem, I started memorizing it. It cost me a few hours because this is the first time that I am reading books related to English literature, so all those words are phrases are totally new to me. Also, it took me while to memorize the poem because some of the lines had some words that do not make sense when they are written in the same phrase or sentence. After, I memorized all the poem and I understood word by word, I started practicing in front of the mirror and when I had nothing to do, because I really wanted to impress my father by reciting this in poem in his day. When I was reciting this poem, my father was making like a funny face because he did not understand a word of what I was saying. Before I started reciting the poem, I did not tell him that the poem was going to be with old English words, so he was not like prepared for a poem like this one. After, I recited the poem one more time, I tried to explain him the meaning of this poem, but after I explained it to him a few more times he could finally understood it. Also, I talked to him about Chaucer and the tales, so he could have a better idea of the context of the poem. I think that he really understood the poem when I explained to him from when the poem was and who the author was. This type of experience was new to me because this was my first reciting a poem like this. Also, I do not remember when was the last time that I recited a poem in front of my father, so I remembered the good times that I had when I was in high school. In overall, this was a good experience for me because I enjoyed memorizing it, even though it was difficult, but at the end it was worth it because my father liked it very much.

The social problem of domestic violence

The social problem of domestic violence Domestic violence is the biggest social problem facing America today. It is among the most devastating experiences that adversely affect women and children in the US. Children who witness or experience, DV may become future abusers or victims themselves if society doesnt get involved. The federal government needs to step in and assume responsibility in stemming the tide of domestic violence. Preventing abuse is more cost-effective than paying for the consequences of abuse. The widespread occurrence of such violence takes an immense toll on the lives of the victims in addition to most of society, because of numerous behavioral, health, psychological, and economic consequences. Why women bear domestic violence? Following are some justifications given by women to remain victim of domestic violence for the rest of the life: Helplessness A lot of women who are a victim of domestic violence are financially dependent on their abusers. There are numerous reasons for this; an abuser will often try to isolate the victim from anybody or anything that might offer support either emotionally or economically. This allows the abuser to have power over his victim, without interference from those who might give aid to the victim. This isolation causes the victim to become dependent on her abuser, and it insures that she will have nowhere to go. Even when a victim has the wish to escape the violence, the fundamental requirements of food, shelter, and clothing for her children usually surpass her need for security. To leave a domestic violence relationship, a woman needs a place to live, a source of income, childcare and transportation. Most victims are denied access to these things in a vicious relationship, leaving her escape resources insolvent. The trickiest issue a victim must beat in order to get away is her fear of her abusers threats to kill her. Alas, this fear is not always baseless. Abusive men often shoot up violence after a victim flees to security and time and again he brings back his victim and her children. Indeed, as many as 75% of visits to medical emergency rooms by battered women occur after they have separated from the aggressive partner. The Forms of Abuse Physical Abuse includes hitting, shoving, choking, biting, kicking, slapping, punching, pulling hair, burning, bruising, twisting, preventing access to an exit, or using a weapon to bully and/or intimidate. Emotional Abuse is the hardest for women to remain alive her self identify. Emotional abuse is the systematic degrading of the victims self-esteem. This may be accomplished by withholding of love, intimidation, mocking; cruelty to pets, using put-downs, giving the details of relationships, refusing to talk, showing jealousy, refusing to allow a partner to have/make friends, taking anger out on the children and pets, not allowing the victim financial access or convincing the victim that she (the victim) is crazy. Sexual Abuse can include forcing sex against a partners will, forbidding birth control, physically hurting partner during sex, oral abuse including humiliating sexual comments, forcing unwanted sexual practices on partner, hiding a sexually transmitted disease from partner, and forced sex with objects. Economic Abuse is accomplished by preventing the victim from working outside the home, not permitting the victim to make any economic decisions, having to justify all expenditure, baseless blaming for monetary troubles, withholding of financial information, and withholding access to finances. Characteristics of an Abuser *The majority of abusers are emotionally deprived. *Abusers want to feel in control; they use aggression as a means to control their partner. *Abusers are likely to behave normally toward other family members, friends and work acquaintances. *They are generally very unconfident and insecure. Overwhelming their victim gives them a sense of power. *Abusers are habitually very critical of their partner. *They can be exceedingly jealous. *Abusers often reject blame for their actions and can even deny that any abuse ever happened. *They reduce the abuse and blame their partners for their violent behavior. The Sequence Of Abuse 1. Tension Building Minor incidents occur and tension begins to build. The victim generally tries to control the situation by apologizing, making promises and accepting blame. The victim will generally seek to smooth things over and solve the problem in order to reduce the aggression. 2. Attack Tension rises until there is verbal abuse that will often lead to physical aggression. Victims often play down or reject the brutality of their injuries to pacify their perpetrators with the hope of preventing more violence. Pleading from the victim during this phase usually only serves to increase the violence. 3. Apologies and pardon The abuser acts sorry and seems confused by his actions; generally the abuser starts to cry. The abuser promises to never do it again. The victim focuses on how loving her abuser can be. In relationships that do not have the apology stage the victim is likely to leave their abuser sooner and is less likely to return to the relationship. Records show that there is a direct link between the apology stage and a victims willingness to stay in the relationship. Occurrence of Domestic Violence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Estimates range from 960,000 incidents of violence against a current or former spouse, boyfriend, or girlfriend per year to three million women who are physically abused by their husband or boyfriend per year. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Nearly one-third of American women (31 percent) report being physically or sexually abused by a husband or boyfriend at some point in their lives, according to a 1998 Commonwealth Fund survey. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Thirty percent of Americans say they know a woman who has been physically abused by her husband or boyfriend in the past year. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Intimate partner violence is primarily a crime against women. In 1999, women accounted for 85 percent of the victims of intimate partner violence (671,110 total) and men accounted for 15 percent of the victims (120,100 total). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The most rapid growth in domestic relations caseloads is occurring in domestic violence filings. Between 1993 and 1995, 18 of 32 states with three-year filing figures reported an increase of 20 percent or more. Conclusion It is clear from the facts collected that the solution to averting domestic violence is in education. It is particularly essential; to teach young people that violence is not an acceptable answer to any problem. We must bring domestic violence to the forefront of our society and not allow it to be a forbidden issue. We must definitely strengthen the value of each person in our society. To help those already involved in violent relationships there must be more spotlights on the self-worth issues of the victim. Once a victim has confidence she is more likely to leave a violent relationship. Economic programs must be prepared in a community in order to take away an abusers second biggest weapon- financial control. There is an enormous requirement for more safe-houses in America. Domestic Violence Shelters provide a safe shelter for women and children to escape the violence. Lastly we must teach our school children about domestic violence. They must be taught from an early age that violence is never allowable and give them the tools needed to identify domestic violence and how to get help if required. It is understandable from all information that violence itself cannot be the subject of mediation and that mediation is not a substitute for counseling, education, and legal sanctions. This led to the clearest guideline, that no criminal cases involving domestic violence should be referred to mediation. The violent act or acts must be dealt with through the actual court procedure in order to highlight the gravity of the act and the fact that domestic violence, where proved, is indeed against the law.

Best Practice Coaching in Modern Sporting

Best Practice Coaching in Modern Sporting Contents (Jump to) Introduction Principles and best practice in coaching The effectiveness of different styles of coaching in different contexts How models of coaching can help practitioners Conclusion References Introduction Sport, as a physical education concept, is governed exclusively by principles, rules and regulations. More than any other form of education, ethics dominate the culture of sport. Indeed, in an era dominated by the breakdown of rules and regulations and the increasing emphasis upon the needs of the individual over the collective, sport can in some ways be seen as the last bastion of the team ethic, helping to infuse in people a sense of belonging and of togetherness. For this reason, the ideal of best practice is a highly important contemporary topic one whose measure can be meted out in the fact tat the business community in the twenty first century is looking with increasing respect at the achievement of high‑achieving sports coaches such as Sir Alec Ferguson in order to create a model for success within their own corporate teams. The following essay seeks to look at the ways in which these principles pertaining to best practice can best be applied in a variety of modern spor ting contexts. Principles and best practice in coaching The ideal of sport has changed markedly in the past fifteen to twenty years (Polley, 1998)[1]. What was once seen as leisure and/or a recreational activity is now viewed primarily as a vehicle through which one can instigate deep-seated cultural and societal change. This is especially true in the UK which has a particularly insipid connection to sport with a variety of games considered endemic in British society; indeed, many of the most popular sports in the world were played first in Britain and their governing bodies still reside within British state borders. As a result, as Dawn Penney (2000:59) declares, sport, society and equity are interlinked to a degree that has only very recently been acknowledged by academic, specifically sociological, study. â€Å"Physical education and sport are part of our social and cultural worlds. The relationship is dynamic, with the policies and practices of physical education reflecting, but also clearly shaping (reproducing and/or challenging), the values and interests of broader society.†[2] It is for this reason that the concept of ‘best practice’ has attained a new level of significance in recent years relating specifically to the adoption of the finest possible academic, psychological and ethical procedures especially with regards to children and young people so as to prepare them mentally and physically for the multiple demands of adult life whether this be in a sporting or non‑sporting context. ‘Best practice’ utilises research conducted primarily between the years 1950 to 1980 with the implementation of these strategies taking place over the past thirty years. It is a wholly recent phenomenon and, as such, is lacking in some areas of research compared to other fields of sociological study. However, in the twenty first century the amount of attention devoted to the subject is likely to increase with the dual spectre of globalisation and commercialisation making sports a highly lucrative hub of activity. The principles governing the concept of ‘best practice’ are centred upon the twin aims of forging a common sense of unity and teamwork within a group of players and at the same time to nurture individual skill and flair on a one-to-one basis so that the more gifted players’ skills are honed without neglecting the primacy of the team as the over-riding ethos of ‘best practice’. This essential dualism which resides at the epicentre of ‘best practice’ coaching concepts is inherently affected by the evolution of sports players as they grow up. For instance, young players (aged six to ten years old) are much more inclined to gravitate towards the individual element of sports and competition with the group dynamic coming at a later age (developing primarily between the ages of twelve and sixteen). For this reason, there is no ‘best way’ to ‘best practice’; no right or wrong. Rather, there is a great exchange of fluidit y between concepts, principles and practices that should be implemented on an individual basis. This is as true of coaching adults (clients) as it is of coaching youngsters where Jennifer Rogers (2007:7-10)[3] has outlined six core principles that ‘define’ the role of the coach in the modern era. These are: The client is resourceful (the coach’s sole aim is to work with the client to achieve all of their potential – as defined by the client). The coach’s role is to spring loose the client’s resourcefulness. Coaching addressing the whole person: past, present and future. The client sets the agenda. The coach and the client are equals. Coaching is about change and action. The common denominator outlined by Rogers is that coaching is always triggered by change – be it a change in age, in circumstance, in style or technique. Furthermore, because change is the currency in which the coach does business, there is bound to be wildly fluctuating styles of coaching that fit wildly different social and cultural contexts and it is towards these different styles and contexts that attention must now be turned. The effectiveness of different styles of coaching in different contexts It has been shown that the evolution of young people greatly affects the implementation of coaching methods pertaining to the precarious balance between coaching the individual and the group dynamic. This is necessarily dependent on the kind of sport being coached: team sports such as football require a dedication to the team ethic while sports such as tennis and golf stress the individual element of competition. Sports such as cricket combine the team ethic with a heavy emphasis upon individual ability, certainly with regards to batting, which is a very solitary skill that requires intensive levels of concentration and individualism (Palmer, 1999)[4]. Thus, in the first instance, effective coaching requires the practitioner to tailor his or her coaching style to the sport in question and then to further tailor these coaching techniques to the age group of the team or individual being coached. This inherent diversity in coaching styles is also true of the economic context of coaching adults. Certain sports require greater levels of economic participation than others. Golf, for example, is an expensive sport that demands that the participant is well funded so as to purchase the necessary equipment such as clubs, bags, clothing and, most importantly, membership to a golf club. The same can be said of tennis and cricket where the equipment is a vital part of the ultimate success or failure of the technique of the client in question. Economic context is also important with regards to the psychological element of coaching with the social, cultural and political problems of urban poverty playing an important part in the types of coaching techniques which are likely to yield the best results from any given demographic. There can be no doubt that a coaching style employed for a group of middle class practitioners with free access to capital, time and resources is going to be marke dly different from the kind of coaching style deployed for children and adults who do not have access to the same luxuries and who therefore are going to respond to different coaching techniques. Economic context, demographic context and age context are further compounded by the increasingly common problem of multiculturalism and, specifically, globalisation, which has obvious consequences for teachers, mentors and coaches operating at all levels of society throughout the UK. When one thinks, for instance, of the impact of language upon coaching (relaying tactics, pointing out areas of strength and weakness, and, most significantly, attempting to instil a team ethic) one can see the extent to which the role of the coach is inexorably intertwined with the fate of mass movement of peoples across the planet in the twenty first century. As Jones (1997:27) declares, â€Å"there is no more important task within the wider coaching process than that of communication.†[5] Bains and Patel (1994) have long pointed out the blatant under‑representation of Asians playing professional football in England despite some areas in the Midlands and the North-West of England having u rban areas with a higher than 50% ratio of ethnic communities. â€Å"Recent Sport England national statistics confirmed that people of South Asian origin have markedly lower participation rates than other minorities or the indigenous population.† (Collins, 2003:75)[6] This anomaly with regards to the high numbers of Asians living in modern Britain and the disproportionately small number of Asians playing football, it has been argued, is due to coaches indulging in outmoded stereotyping when it comes to coaching players from the Asian community. Asians are still seen as primarily academic achievers over sports players and where they are perceived as sports players they are still pigeon‑holed in typical Asian images of cricket players; rarely are they ever seen as potential professional footballers. Likewise black players are still seen as primarily quick, powerful players; rarely, the tactical brains or the spiritual heartbeat of the side. This cultural element to sports coaching is exacerbated by the historical gender divide between males and females in a sporting context. Here, just as with ethnic people, stereotypes remain the dominant coaching paradigm. Girls and women are expected to play traditionally female sports such as netball, hockey, lacrosse, swimming and tennis. This, however, is in direct opposition to the growing numbers of women playing traditionally male‑dominated sports such as rugby, cricket and football with the latter in particular experiencing a veritable boom in female interest since the beginning of the 1990s. â€Å"A generation ago, sport was a core, patriarchal institution in a larger, contested gender order. Now, with the dramatic growth of girls’ and women’s athletics participation, sport no longer simply or unambiguously plays this reactionary role in gender relations. Sport is now more internally contested.† (2002 introduction xxii)[7] It is, in the final analysis, up to the sports coach to take each of these mitigating factors and contexts into account so that the practitioner is able to coach skills and techniques that are relevant to the contemporary era as opposed to perpetuating anachronistic stereotypes that do little to advance civilised society in both a sporting and non‑sporting context. How models of coaching can help practitioners Studying different models of coaching represents the scientific element of sports mentoring whereby the student and practitioner can attempt to explain the essence and purpose of coaching via the development of models (Fairs, 1987:17-19)[8]. It can be separated into two distinct camps: the ‘of’ coaching camp and the ‘for’ coaching camp. Models ‘of’ coaching are based upon empirical research investigating best practice while the ‘for’ coaching models are idealistic representations that arise from attempts to identify a concrete set of assumptions about the coaching process. The majority of practitioners tend to employ a symbiosis of the two models incorporating an ‘of’ and ‘for’ model of best practice. In this way, empirical data can be used in a realistic setting that takes into account the age, skills and other contexts that affect the coaching process. However, these two models of coaching underline the e xtent to which academia and intellectual analysis has come to dominate the empirical study of sports performance when in fact the first hand experience of established practitioners ought to form the basis of all models of coaching sports. The difference, essentially, comes down to one of theory and practice with the concept of ‘expertise’ necessarily clouded by the arguments of the academics and the professionals respectively. Once again, though, the individual element of the coaching process must be highlighted so as to reflect the inherent complexity that takes place within the field of sports with vastly differing levels of skill and ability being matched by the vastly different psychological reactions to slumps in form and technique. It is, ultimately, up to the national governing sports bodies to ensure that the primacy of holistic coaching practice does not become relegated at the expense of literature, theory and academia (Lyle, 1999:1-24).[9] For this reason, organisations such as Sport England have been established by the central government in a bid to impose a centralise model for sports development on regionalised sports bodies so as to directly influence and aid practitioners. The primary model deployed by Sport England is the â€Å"traditional sports development continuum† – a pyramid which locates foundation as the core, base value followed in hierarchical terms by participation, performance and, finally, excellence (Bramhan et al, 1999:3). This generic model is dovetailed by more advanced models for practitioners to use with athletes at a professional or elite stage in their sports. As is so often the case it is the Australians who represent the pinnacle of academic research into the coaching process with the revolutionary ‘Old Way, New Way’ technique correction model offering an intensive ‘one session’ approach to the problem of proven performers suffering seemingly inexplicable dips in form and technique with the case of Australian fast bowler Jason Gillespie standing tall as the most prominent example of therapeutic success achieved via sports practitioners embracing new means of solving old problems. ‘Old Way, New Way’ is consequently a manifestation of the much sought after collaboration between academic researchers and sports practitioners which works on a psychological as well as a physical level in a bid to continue the sportsperson’s quest for skill development and continuous technical improvement. Conclusion There has never been so much research dedicated towards the practice of sports, sports psychology and best practice in sports coaching the likes of which has been witnessed in the past decade. This has served to help to transport sport from a marginalised recreational activity to a mainstream study of human behaviour and psychical endurance. Furthermore, bearing in mind the increased proliferation of televised sports across the global media apparatus, the vastly increased participation of women in sports in the contemporary era and the shift in focus at a governmental level towards much improved health and physical exercise resources, this level of research is only likely to be elevated in the years and decades to come. Thus, ultimately, the models, contexts and best practices outlined herein require constant updating so as to keep up with the unprecedented rate of change taking place within the global sports coaching community. References Bramhan, P., Hylton, K., Jackson, D. and Nesti, M. (1999) Introduction, in, Bramhan, P., Hylton, K., Jackson, D. and Nesti, M (Eds.) Sport Development: Policy, Process and Practice London and New York: Routledge Collins, M.F. (2003), Social Exclusion from Sport and Leisure, quoted in, Houlihan, B. (Ed.) Sport and Society: a Student Introduction London: SAGE Fairs, J. (1987) The Coaching Process: The Essence of Coaching, in, Sports Coach Journal, Volume 11, Number 1 Jones, R.L. (1997) Effective Instructional Coaching Behaviour: A Review of Literature, in, International Journal of Physical Education, Volume, 24, Number 1 Lyle, J.W.B. (1999) The Coaching Process: Principles and Practice, in, Cross, N. and Lyle, J.W.B. (Eds.) The Coaching Process: Principles and Practice for Sport Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann Messner, M.A. (2002), Taking the Field: Women, Men and Sports Minneapolis and  London: University of Minnesota Press Palmer, G.V. (1999) Cricket Coachmaster: Batting Mechanics London: Gary Palmer Penney, D. (2000) Physical Education: In what and who’s Interests? , in, Jones, R.L. and Armour, K.M. (Eds.) Sociology of Sport: Theory and Practice London and New York: Longman Polley, M. (1998) Moving the Goalposts: A History of Sport and Society since 1945 London and New York: Routledge Rogers, J. (2007) Coaching Skills Buckingham: Open University Press 1 Footnotes [1] Polley, M. (1998) Moving the Goalposts: A History of Sport and Society since 1945 London and New York: Routledge [2] Penney, D. (2000) Physical Education: In what and who’s Interests? , in, Jones, R.L. and Armour, K.M. (Eds.) Sociology of Sport: Theory and Practice London and New York: Longman [3] Rogers, J. (2007) Coaching Skills Buckingham: Open University Press [4] Palmer, G.V. (1999) Cricket Coachmaster: Batting Mechanics London: Gary Palmer [5] Jones, R.L. (1997) Effective Instructional Coaching Behaviour: A Review of Literature, in, International Journal of Physical Education, Volume, 24, Number 1 [6] Collins, M.F. (2003), Social Exclusion from Sport and Leisure, quoted in, Houlihan, B. (Ed.) Sport and Society: a Student Introduction London: SAGE [7] Messner, M.A. (2002), Taking the Field: Women, Men and Sports Minneapolis and  London: University of Minnesota Press [8] Fairs, J. (1987) The Coaching Process: The Essence of Coaching, in, Sports Coach Journal, Volume 11, Number 1 [9] Lyle, J.W.B. (1999) The Coaching Process: Principles and Practice, in, Cross, N. and Lyle, J.W.B. (Eds.) The Coaching Process: Principles and Practice for Sport Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann

Adult Education for Social Change :: Argumentative Persuasive Papers

Adult Education for Social Change Popular education is a form of adult education that encourages learners to examine their lives critically and take action to change social conditions. It is "popular" in the sense of being "of the people." Popular education emerged in Latin America in the 1960s-1970s; Paulo Freire is its best known exponent. However, its roots may be found in the French Revolution, in workers' education of the 1920s-1930s, and in such movements as the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee (Beder 1996; Jeria 1990). The goal of popular education is to develop "people's capacity for social change through a collective problem-solving approach emphasizing participation, reflection, and critical analysis of social problems" (Bates 1996. pp. 225-226). Key characteristics of popular education are as follows: everyone teaches and learns, so leadership is shared; starting with learners' experiences and concerns; high participation; creation of new knowledge; critical reflection; connecting the local to the globa l; and collective action for change (Arnold et al. 1985; Mackenzie 1993). This digest describes popular education methods, addresses challenges, and offers some insights for adult educators. The Popular Education Process Because it is strongly community based, popular education takes a wide variety of forms. However, the process usually follows a pattern or cycle described as action/reflection/action (Arnold and Burke 1983) or practice/theory/practice (Mackenzie 1993). Beginning with people's experience, the community initiates problem identification; then they reflect on and analyze the problem, broadening it from local to global in order to develop theory; next, participants plan and carry out action for change. Adult educators can facilitate the process by serving as democratic collaborators who ensure that learning takes place and leadership and self-direction develop in the group (Arnold and Burke 1983). Facilitators keep the group on track and encourage participation, but they should also try to foster a longer-term perspective on the problems addressed, helping the group place the issues in social, historical, and political context (Bates 1996). One important aspect of popular education is the way it often draws on popular culture, using drama, song, dance, poetry, puppetry, mime, art, storytelling, and other forms. Proulx (1993) distinguishes "popular culture" from cultural institutions often perceived as elitist and from instruments of mass culture such as the media, identifying popular cultural forms as those in which "working class adults recognize their life and their values" (p. 39). The use of these forms can enhance communication among audiences with

Essay on Discrimination Against Women as Addressed in Cantors Dilemma

Discrimination Against Women as Addressed in Cantor's Dilemma  Ã‚   In his novel, Cantor's Dilemma, Dr. Djerassi uses female characters to address sexist issues arising from women integrating into the predominantly male science world. The characters, Celestine Price and Professor Arderly, are used to show examples of how women have little voice in the field of science. The female characters suggest how women are often looked upon as sex objects rather than co-workers and they are given little opportunity to balance a scientific career with raising a family. By weaving these issues into his novel, Dr. Djerassi illustrates the following theme: Discrimination against women in the field of science is harmful to the progression of scientific exploration. If women are excluded from science, then an artificial limit is put on human resources. (The field of science will not utilize the potential female minds available.) The first issue that Dr. Djerassi casually mentions is that women are not adequately represented in the field of science. The character, Celestine Price strongly desires a career in chemistry. She faces the challenge of how to plot her map of success while taking into consideration the male dominated world of science. Her old high school chemistry teacher advises Celestine that if she ever wants to get an academic position at a top university, she has got to get plugged into "the old boy's network." He says to her, "Make no mistake about it. Chemistry is still a man's world."1 Dr. Djerassi paints the picture of a boy's clubhouse with a sign at the door reading, "No girls allowed!" In this context, it is inferred that a woman has to prove her worth before the society of men will give her the privilege of working wit... ...roblems of integration. If the science world takes advantage of undiscovered female talent, science as a whole will benefit greatly. For example, the original group of ENIAC programmers consisted of 6 women. In 1946, these women helped to develop the first operating stored-program computer.6 If female talent such as this goes to waste because of social neglect, the science world will never know what possible discoveries that could have been made with the help of women. If Dr. Djerassi is accurate with his examples of discrimination, the science world should take note of these problems and attempt to solve them. 1. Carl Djerassi, Cantor's Dilemma (New York, New York.: Penguin Books, 1989), 19. 2. Ibid. 45. 3. Ibid. 45. 4. Ibid. 45. 5. Ibid. 20-21. 6. web site: women in science/ women in computer science/ women involved in ENIAC program.

Problem Solving. Younger Sibling Problems Essay

Younger siblings can be a problem that will lead to a bigger problem, your parents being angry at you for never being home. My younger brothers, CJ and Colin, are obnoxious and very annoying. CJ is six years younger than me and Colin is eight years younger than me. You wouldn’t think that they would be a problem to me since there is such an age difference between us, but they are. Since my brothers annoy me I am rarely home; my parents get angry with me for it, but there is not much I can do when both of my brothers get on my nerves; most of the time they do it at the same time. A big problem for me is that my brothers annoy me so much that I have to leave and go somewhere that does not involve my brothers, which causes my parents to be mad at me. CJ, the older brother, is so mouthy. He always has something to say to me when I try talk to him; most of the time it is not nice, it is usually something rude. It seems like he was raised not to be respectful, but he wasn’t r aised that way. For example, one day I asked him nicely to grab my cellphone and his reply was â€Å"why don’t you get up and get it yourself, both of your legs work, right?† I do not know why he acts the way he does, but it gets on my nerves. CJ and I always argue about everything. For instance, when I am in the living room watching TV he will try to play the Xbox, but I tell him that he can wait after the show is over, so he decides to tell our mother then has a fit about it. If he doesn’t get what he wants he gets furious and starts to have little fits; sometimes the fits are out of control. Also, he always talks back to our mother; that is the most annoying thing to me. When he talks back to our mother it makes me irate. I usually want to leave whenever he gets that way, but sometimes I do not have anywhere to go. When I leave I go to my friend’s house or I will go to the store such as Wal-Mart, the Dollar Store, or just somewhere that I can get away from him when he acts that way. Colin, the younger brother, is too hyper active for me. He is always jumping off the walls. It is like he cannot sit still. When he acts like that I just want to leave and go somewhere peaceful. I cannot go in my room because I can hear him in there too. The only time it is quiet at my house is when he is at his friends, watching TV, playing the Xbox, playing on the computer, or sleeping. When I ask him to stop nicely he does it again just to get on my nerves. I know he  does it on purpose because when he does it he laughs about it; nothing makes me angrier than that. If he has a friend over I cannot be home because when he and his friends are together they act like they are insane. For example, around Fourth of July his friend Preston was at our house and he lit fireworks off inside our house when my mother was sleeping; she was upstairs sleeping and they were downstairs in our living room, so she could not hear them. I was not home at the time and neither was my father. She found out the next morning and was furious with them. You would think that my brother Colin would have told him not to do it, but he was right along with Preston. There was burn marks in our white carpet. There was no reason for him to act like that with his friends. He should be more responsible whenever situations like that happen. Colin is too hyper active for me to handle, so when he acts up I cannot stand being around him; I usually leave whenever he acts like that. Solving a problem that involves emotions is difficult. I could solve the problem by trying to avoid the situations and ignoring my younger brothers. When CJ begins to say rude comments to me I could leave the room instead of leaving the house so my parents do not get angry at me for never being home. I could remove myself from the situation; maybe whenever Colin starts to act up I could go outside or do something I enjoy such as reading or listening to music. When I listen to music it calms my nerves down. If I do that then I would not leave my house as much as I usually do. If I remove myself from the situation by doing something that relaxes me could solve the problem an efficient and effective way my parents would not be as frustrated with me. I would be home a lot more than I usually am and that would cause my parents to be very happy with me, especially if I am home more to help my mother clean the house or help her with whatever she needs help with. In brief, younger siblings can be a problem that can lead to another problem that involves your parents. My brothers, CJ and Colin are both very annoying to me and that causes me to leave my house; when I leave my house my parents get angry at me because I am never home. CJ always talks back to everyone in my house and that irri tates me. When he does that I get annoyed and I go somewhere that doesn’t involve him. I try to leave the house and go wherever I can get away from the annoyance of my brothers. Colin is an extremely hyper child; he is always jumping up and down. When he does that it really gets on my nerves  and I leave the house whenever he acts like that; I cannot handle it sometimes. I like to go to a place where I can have peace. To solve these problems I can calm myself down by doing something I enjoy like reading or listening to music. It would be effective if I removed myself from the situations my brothers cause. If I remove myself from the situations instead of leaving all the time my parents would not be as frustrated with me. It would be a win-win situation; I would not be as annoyed with my brothers and my parents would not be as frustrated with me for leaving the house. I would be home more often and could help my mother more around the house. In conclusion, to avoid my parents being angry with me I could do something that calms me down instead of leaving the house beca use my brothers annoy me.

Health Reform Essay

The American Medical Association (AMA) has been a supporter of the Affordable Care Act. This health reform has given coverage to over 30 million Americans (AMA). â€Å"We continue to support the health reform law as an important first step in covering the uninsured and transforming our health care system, and we are working hard to make improvements in the law for patients and physicians,† said Dr. Jeremy A. Lazarus, incoming president of the AMA (AMA). Physicians have asked why the AMA has supported the health care reform bill so early is the process. Dr. James Rohack, the president of the AMA, has stated â€Å"there are several sensible reasons for this strategy: †¢The original bill contained a core set of high-priority provisions that our organization has long supported; †¢Bill sponsors were not likely to maintain the $230+ billion investment in Medicare physician spending if we did not register support for the bill (hospitals, the home health sector, Medicare Ad vantage plans and pharmaceutical companies are all facing cuts in the tens and hundreds of billions of dollars); and †¢As early supporters, we are well positioned to help shape revisions to this bill, as well as the final legislation that will ultimately be presented to the President.† The AMA is working with Congress and Administrators to ensure the best outcome for patients and physicians. This reform has promised goals that the AMA is working on to make sure they are achieved. These goals are as stated by the House of Represantives, †¢Extending coverage to the uninsured †¢Making investments in the physician workforce †¢Providing long-term relief from Medicare’s flawed physician payment formula †¢Increasing the nation’s focus on preventive care and wellness initiatives †¢Simplifying administrative burdens for patients and physicians Although working to ensure these goals are met, this organization also has three other goals they are working to achieve. These goals are 1) Eliminate IPAB, 2) Replace SGR, and 3) Enact MLR. (AMA). The AMA is fighting to eliminate cuts to physicians and providers. They want to achieve a new system of payment. With this new system physicians can be rewarded for the care they provide. (AMA). Goal three has the AMA fighting to fix the liability system for patients and physicians. (AMA). In time, the Affordable Care Act bill will be worked out to where it will run smoothly. During this process the AMA will ensure that the legislative process will continue to better health care for Americans. References Rohack, J. (2009, July). AMA Comments On Health Care Reform Position. In Clinical & Practice management. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from www.acep.org The Affordable Care Act: An Important First Step. (2012). In Advocacy. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from www.ama-assn.org japsen, b. (2012, June 14). The AMA, A Key Backer of Obamacare, Looks to Reboot. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from www.forbes.com

The Host Chapter 52: Separated

We brought our plunder in through the south vent, though this meant that the jeep would have to be moved before dawn. My main concern with using the bigger entrance was that the Seeker would hear the commotion our arrival was sure to cause. I wasn't sure if she had any idea of what I was going to do, and I didn't want to give her any reason to kill her host and herself. The story Jeb had told me about one of their captives-the man who had simply collapsed, leaving no external evidence on the outside of the havoc wreaked inside his skull-haunted my thoughts. The hospital was not empty. As I squeezed myself through the last tight bubble of space out into the main room, I found Doc preparing for the operation. His desk was laid out; on it, a propane lantern-the brightest illumination we had available-waited to be lit. The scalpels glinted in the duller blue light of the solar lamp. I had known that Doc would agree to my terms, but seeing him thus occupied sent a wave of nervous nausea through me. Or maybe it was just the memory of that other day that sickened me, the day I'd caught him with blood on his hands. â€Å"You're back,† he said with relief. I realized that he'd been worried about us, just as everyone worried when someone left the safety of the caves. â€Å"We brought you a gift,† Jared said as he pushed himself free behind me. He straightened up and reached back for a box. With a flourish, he held it up, displaying the label on the side. â€Å"Heal!† Doc crowed. â€Å"How much did you get?† â€Å"Two cases. And we've found a much better way to renew our stores than to have Wanda stabbing herself.† Doc did not laugh at Jared's joke. Instead he turned to stare at me piercingly. We both must have been thinking the same thing: Convenient, since Wanda won't be around. â€Å"Did you get the cryotanks?† he asked, more subdued. Jared noticed the look and the tension. He glanced at me, his expression impossible to read. â€Å"Yes,† I answered. â€Å"Ten of them. It was all the car could hold.† While I spoke, Jared yanked on the rope behind him. With a clatter of loose rock, the second box of Heal, followed by the tanks, tumbled onto the floor behind him. The tanks clanked like metal, though they were built of no element that existed on this planet. I'd told him it was fine to treat the empty cryotanks roughly; they were built to withstand much worse abuse than being tugged through a stone channel. They glinted on the floor now, looking shiny and pristine. Doc picked one up, freeing it from the rope, and turned it around in his hands. â€Å"Ten?† The number seemed to surprise him. Did he think it too many? Or not enough? â€Å"Are they difficult to use?† â€Å"No. Extremely easy. I'll show you how.† Doc nodded, his eyes examining the alien construction. I could feel Jared watching me, but I kept my eyes on Doc. â€Å"What did Jeb, Brandt, and Aaron say?† I asked. Doc looked up, locked his eyes on mine. â€Å"They're†¦ in agreement with your terms.† I nodded, not convinced. â€Å"I won't show you unless I believe that.† â€Å"That's fair.† Jared glared at us, confused and frustrated. â€Å"What did you tell him?† Doc asked me, being cautious. â€Å"Just that I was going to save the Seeker.† I turned to look in Jared's general direction without meeting his gaze. â€Å"Doc has promised me that if I show him how to perform the separation, you will give the released souls safe conduct to another life on another planet. No killing.† Jared nodded thoughtfully, his eyes flickering back to Doc. â€Å"I can agree to those terms. And I can make sure the others follow through. I assume you have a plan to get them off-planet?† â€Å"It will be no more dangerous than what we did tonight. Just the opposite-adding to the stack rather than taking from it.† â€Å"Okay.† â€Å"Did you†¦ have a time schedule in mind?† Doc asked. He tried to sound nonchalant, but I could hear the eagerness behind his voice. He just wanted the answer that had eluded him for so long, I tried to tell myself. It wasn't that he was in a hurry to kill me. â€Å"I have to take the jeep back-can you wait? I'd like to watch this.† â€Å"Sure, Jared,† Doc agreed. â€Å"Won't take me long,† Jared promised as he shoved himself back into the vent. That I was sure of. It wouldn't take enough time at all. Doc and I did not speak until the sound of Jared's scrambling exit had faded. â€Å"You didn't talk about†¦ Melanie?† he asked softly. I shook my head. â€Å"I think he sees where this is going. He must guess my plan.† â€Å"But not all of it. He won't allow -â€Å" â€Å"He won't get a say,† I interrupted severely. â€Å"All or nothing, Doc.† Doc sighed. After a moment of silence, he stretched and glanced toward the main exit. â€Å"I'm going to go talk to Jeb, get things ready.† He reached for a bottle on the table. The chloroform. I was sure the souls had something better to use. I would have to try to find it for Doc, before I was gone. â€Å"Who knows about this?† â€Å"Still just Jeb, Aaron, and Brandt. They all want to watch.† This didn't surprise me; Aaron and Brandt would be suspicious. â€Å"Don't tell anyone else. Not tonight.† Doc nodded, then he disappeared into the black corridor. I went to sit against the wall, as far from the prepared cot as I could get. I'd have my turn on top of it all too soon. Trying to think of something besides that grim fact, I realized that I hadn't heard from Melanie since†¦ When was the last time she'd spoken to me? When I'd made the deal with Doc? I was belatedly surprised that the sleeping arrangements by the jeep today had not elicited a reaction from her. Mel? No answer. It wasn't like before, so I didn't panic. I could definitely feel her there in my head, but she was†¦ ignoring me? What was she doing? Mel? What's going on? No answer. Are you mad at me? I'm sorry about before, by the jeep. I didn't do anything, you know, so it's not really fair – She interrupted me, exasperated. Oh, stop. I'm not mad at you. Leave me alone. Why won't you talk to me? No answer. I pushed a little harder, hoping to pick up the direction of her thoughts. She tried to keep me out, to put the wall in place, but it was too weak from disuse. I saw her plan. I tried to keep my mental tone even. Have you lost your mind? In a manner of speaking, she teased halfheartedly. You think that if you can make yourself disappear, that will stop me? What else can I do to stop you? If you've got a better idea, please share. I don't get it, Melanie. Don't you want them back? Don't you want to be with Jared again? With Jamie? She writhed, fighting the obviousness of the answer. Yes, but†¦ I can't†¦ She took a moment to steady herself. I find myself unable to be the death of you, Wanda. I can't stand it. I saw the depth of her pain, and tears formed in my eyes. Love you too, Mel. But there's not room for the both of us here. In this body, in this cave, in their lives†¦ I disagree. Look, just stop trying to annihilate yourself, okay? Because if I think you can do it, I'll make Doc pull me out today. Or I'll tell Jared. Just imagine what he would do. I imagined it for her, smiling a little through my tears. Remember? He said no guarantees about what he would or wouldn't do to keep you here. I thought of those burning kisses in the hall†¦ thought of other kisses and other nights in her memory. My face warmed as I blushed. You fight dirty. You bet I do. I'm not giving up. You've been warned. No more silent treatment. We thought of other things then, things that didn't hurt. Like where we would send the Seeker. Mel was all for the Mists Planet after my story tonight, but I thought the Planet of the Flowers would be more fitting. There wasn't a mellower planet in the universe. The Seeker needed a nice long lifetime eating sunshine. We thought of my memories, the pretty ones. The ice castles and the night music and the colored suns. They were like fairytales to her. And she told me fairytales, too. Glass slippers, poisoned apples, mermaids who wanted to have souls†¦ Of course, we didn't have time to tell many stories. They all returned together. Jared had come back through the main entrance. It had taken so very little time-perhaps he'd just driven the jeep around to the north side and hidden it under the overhang there. In a hurry. I heard their voices coming, subdued, serious, low, and knew from their tone that the Seeker was with them. Knew that the time had come for the first stage of my death. No. Pay attention. You're going to have to help them do this when I'm – No! But she wasn't protesting my instruction, just the conclusion of my thought. Jared was the one who carried the Seeker into the room. He came first, the others behind. Aaron and Brandt both had the guns ready-in case she was only feigning unconsciousness, perhaps, and about to jump up and attack them with her tiny hands. Jeb and Doc came last, and I knew Jeb's canny eyes would be on my face. How much had he figured out already with his crazy, insightful shrewdness? I kept myself focused on the task at hand. Jared laid the Seeker's inert form on the cot with exceptional gentleness. This might have bothered me before, but now it touched me. I understood that he did this for me, wishing that he could have treated me this way in the beginning. â€Å"Doc, where's the No Pain?† â€Å"I'll get it for you,† he murmured. I stared at the Seeker's face while I waited, wondering what it would look like when her host was free. Would anything be left? Would the host be empty or would the rightful owner reassert herself? Would the face be less repugnant to me when another awareness looked out of those eyes? â€Å"Here you go.† Doc put the canister in my hand. â€Å"Thanks.† I pulled out one thin tissue square and handed the container back to him. I found myself reluctant to touch the Seeker, but I made my hands move swiftly and purposefully as I pulled her chin down and put the No Pain on her tongue. Her face was very small-it made my hands feel big. Her tiny size always threw me off. It seemed so inappropriate. I closed her mouth again. It was moist-the medicine would dissolve quickly. â€Å"Jared, could you please roll her onto her stomach?† I asked. He did as I asked-again, gently. Just then, the propane lantern flared to life. The cave was suddenly bright, almost like daylight. I glanced up instinctively and saw that Doc had covered the big holes in the roof with tarps to keep our light from escaping. He'd done a lot of preparation in our absence. It was very quiet. I could hear the Seeker breathing evenly in and out. I could hear the faster, tenser breathing of the men in the room with me. Someone shifted from one foot to the other, and sand ground against rock under his heel. Their stares had a physical weight on my skin. I swallowed, hoping I could keep my voice normal. â€Å"Doc, I need Heal, Clean, Seal, and Smooth.† â€Å"Right here.† I brushed the Seeker's coarse black hair out of the way, exposing the little pink line at the base of her skull. I stared at her olive tan skin and hesitated. â€Å"Would you cut, Doc? I don't†¦ I don't want to.† â€Å"No problem, Wanda.† I saw only his hands as he came to stand across from me. He set a little row of white cylinders on the cot next to the Seeker's shoulder. The scalpel winked in the bright light, flashing across my face. â€Å"Hold her hair out of the way.† I used both hands to clear her neck. â€Å"Wish I could scrub up,† Doc muttered to himself, obviously feeling underprepared. â€Å"It's not really necessary. We have Clean.† â€Å"I know.† He sighed. What he really wanted was the routine, the mental cleansing that the old habits had given him. â€Å"How much room do you need?† he asked, hesitating with the point of the blade an inch from her skin. I could feel the heat of the other bodies behind me, squeezing in to get a better view. They were careful not to touch either of us. â€Å"Just the length of the scar. That will be enough.† This didn't seem like enough to him. â€Å"You sure?† â€Å"Yes. Oh, wait!† Doc pulled back. I realized I was doing this all backward. I was no Healer. I wasn't cut out for this. My hands were shaking. I couldn't seem to look away from the Seeker's body. â€Å"Jared, could you get one of those tanks for me?† â€Å"Of course.† I heard him walk the few steps away, heard the dull, metallic clunk of the tank he chose knocking against the others. â€Å"What now?† â€Å"There's a circle on top of the lid. Press it in.† I heard the low hum of the cryotank as it powered on. The men muttered and shuffled their feet, moving away from it. â€Å"Okay, on the side there should be a switch†¦ more like a dial, actually. Can you see it?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Spin it all the way down.† â€Å"Okay.† â€Å"What color is the light on top of the tank?† â€Å"It's†¦ it's just turning from purple to†¦ bright blue. Light blue now.† I took a deep breath. At least the tanks were functional. â€Å"Great. Pop the lid and wait for me.† â€Å"How?† â€Å"Latch under the lip.† â€Å"Got it.† I heard the click of the latch, and then the whir of the mechanism. â€Å"It's cold!† â€Å"That's sort of the point.† â€Å"How does it work? What's the power source?† I sighed. â€Å"I knew the answers when I was a Spider. I don't understand it now. Doc, you can go ahead. I'm ready.† â€Å"Here we go,† Doc whispered as he slid the blade of the scalpel deftly, almost gracefully, through the skin. Blood coursed down the side of her neck, pooling on the towel Doc had placed underneath. â€Å"A tiny bit deeper. Just under the edge -â€Å" â€Å"Yes, I see.† Doc was breathing fast, excited. Silver glinted out from the red. â€Å"That's good. Now you hold the hair.† Doc switched places with me in a smooth, swift movement. He was good at his Calling. He would have made quite a Healer. I didn't try to hide what I was doing from him. The movements were too minute for him to have any chance of seeing. He would not be able to do this until I explained. I slid one fingertip carefully along the back ridge of the tiny silver creature until my finger was almost entirely inserted into the hot opening at the base of the host body's neck. I traced my way to the anterior antennae, feeling the taut lines of the bound attachments stretched tight like harp strings into the deeper recesses of her head. I twisted my finger around the underside of the soul's body, caressing down from the first segment along the other line of attachments, as stiff and profuse as the bristles of a brush. I felt carefully at the juncture of these tight strings, at the tiny joints, no bigger than pinheads. I stroked my way about a third of the way down. I could have counted, but that would have taken a very long time. It would be the two hundred seventeenth connection, but there was another way to find it. There it was, the little ridge that made this joint just a bit bigger-a seed pearl rather than a pinhead. It was smooth under my fingertip. I pressed against it with gentle pressure, tenderly massaging. Kindness was always the way of the souls. Never violence. â€Å"Relax,† I breathed. And, though the soul could not hear me, it obeyed. The harp strings loosened, went slack. I could feel the slither as they retracted, feel the slight swelling of the body as it absorbed them. The process took no more than a few beats of my heart. I held my breath until I felt the soul undulate under my touch. Wriggling free. I let it twist itself a little farther out, and then I curled my fingers gently around the tiny, fragile body. I lifted it, silver and gleaming, wet with blood that was quickly shed from the smooth casing, and cradled it in my hand. It was beautiful. The soul whose name I'd never known billowed like a silver wave in my hand†¦ a lovely feathered ribbon. I couldn't hate the Seeker in this form. An almost maternal love swept through me. â€Å"Sleep well, little one,† I whispered. I turned toward the faint hum of the cryotank, just to my left. Jared held it low and angled, so it was a simple matter for me to ease the soul into the shockingly cold air that gusted from the opening. I let it slide into the small space and then carefully relatched the lid. I took the cryotank from Jared, easing it rather than tugging it, turning it with care until it was vertical, and then I hugged it to my chest. The outside of the tank was the same temperature as the warm room. I cradled it to my body, protective as any mother. I looked back at the stranger on the table. Doc was already dust-ing Smooth over the sealed wound. We made a good team: one attending to the soul, the other to the body. Everyone was taken care of. Doc looked up at me, his eyes full of exhilaration and wonder. â€Å"Amazing,† he murmured. â€Å"That was incredible.† â€Å"Good job,† I whispered back. â€Å"When do you think she'll wake up?† Doc asked. â€Å"That depends on how much chloroform she inhaled.† â€Å"Not much.† â€Å"And if she's still there. We'll have to wait and see.† Before I could ask, Jared lifted the nameless woman tenderly from the cot, rolled her face-up, and laid her on another, cleaner resting place. This tenderness did not move me. This tenderness was for the human, for Melanie†¦ Doc went with him, checking her pulse, peeking under her lids. He shone a flashlight into her unconscious eyes and watched the pupils constrict. No light reflected back to blind him. He and Jared exchanged a long glance. â€Å"She really did it,† Jared said, his voice low. â€Å"Yes,† Doc agreed. I didn't hear Jeb sidle up next to me. â€Å"Pretty slick, kid,† he murmured. I shrugged. â€Å"Feeling a smidge conflicted?† I didn't answer. â€Å"Yeah. Me, too, hon. Me, too.† Aaron and Brandt were talking behind me, their voices rising with excitement, answering each other's thoughts before the questions were spoken. No conflict there. â€Å"Wait till the others hear!† â€Å"Think of the -â€Å" â€Å"We should go get some -â€Å" â€Å"Right now, I'm ready -â€Å" â€Å"Hold up,† Jeb cut Brandt off. â€Å"No soul snatching until that cryotank is safely on its way into outer space. Right, Wanda?† â€Å"Right,† I agreed in a firmer voice, hugging the tank tighter to my chest. Brandt and Aaron exchanged sour glances. I was going to need more allies. Jared and Jeb and Doc were only three, though certainly the most influential three here. Still, they would need support. I knew what this meant. It meant talking to Ian. Others, too, of course, but Ian would have to be one of them. My heart seemed to slump lower in my chest, to curl limply in on itself. I'd done many things I had not wanted to do since joining the humans, but I couldn't remember any this sharply and pointedly painful. Even deciding to trade my life for the Seeker's-that was a huge, vast hurt, a wide field of ache, but it was almost manageable because it was so tied up in the bigger picture. Telling Ian goodbye was a razor-sharp piercing; it made the greater vision hard to see. I wished there was some way, any way, to save him from the same pain. There wasn't. The only thing worse would be telling Jared goodbye. That one would burn and fester. Because he wouldn't feel pain. His joy would far outweigh any small regret he might feel over me. As for Jamie, well, I wasn't planning on facing that goodbye at all. â€Å"Wanda!† Doc's voice was sharp. I hurried to the bed Doc was hovering over. Before I got there, I could see the tiny olive hand fisting and unfisting where it hung over the edge of the cot. â€Å"Ah,† the Seeker's familiar voice moaned from the human body. â€Å"Ah.† The room went utterly silent. Everyone looked at me, as if I were the expert on humans. I elbowed Doc, my hands still wrapped around the tank. â€Å"Talk to her,† I whispered. â€Å"Um†¦ Hello? Can you hear me†¦ miss? You're safe now. Do you understand me?† â€Å"Ah,† she groaned. Her eyes fluttered open, focused quickly on Doc's face. There was no discomfort in her expression-the No Pain would be making her feel wonderful, of course. Her eyes were onyx black. They darted around the room until she found me, and recognition was quickly followed by a scowl. She looked away, back to Doc. â€Å"Well, it feels good to have my head back,† she said in a loud, clear voice. â€Å"Thanks.†